LAAO-treated cells also demonstrated a 3. All tumors were harvested at the end of the king cobra research paper week 8. Interestingly, one of the kings cobra research paper achieved complete regression with no sign of tissue left for harvest. The viability of the cells was measured by MTT assay. Click on the image to enlarge. The fold change of the control is considered as 1 and the error bars indicate standard deviations.
Cells 10, events were analyzed by fluorescent-activated cell scanner.
- Earlier studies also showed that the king cobra venom enzyme exhibited extremely potent anti-proliferative activities in comparison with other venom LAAOs, and that its cytotoxicity was selective against tumorigenic cells [ 3 ].
- Drug penetration in tumors:
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- Slides were examined under light microscope and the pictures of 5 random fields of view per section at X magnification were taken.
- To allow sufficient adaption to the new environment, these mice were housed for a week prior to the start of experiments.
The lower pattern block homework quadrant contains the viable Annexin V negative; 7-AAD negative population, the upper left quadrant contains the damage Annexin V negative; 7-AAD positive population, the upper right quadrant contains the late apoptotic Annexin V positive; 7-AAD positive cells and the lower right quadrant contains the early apoptotic Annexin V positive; 7-AAD negative cells.
PC-3 cells control; Right: Figures are representatives of duplicate analysis from 2-independent experiments. PC-3 tumor-bearing mice were treated i. Tumors were measured weekly, and the percentage of tumor volume was shown after comparison with those at week 0. Representative tumor image of the control group. Representative tumor image of the LAAO-treated group. Toxicity study of OH-LAAO in tumor-bearing mice To further evaluate whether daily treatment of OH-LAAO in tumor-bearing nude mice for 8 weeks affected the vital organs, we performed detailed histological examinations on the organs 2500 essay in 2 days at the end of study.
Heart, kidney, liver, lung and spleen annotated bibliography news article any abnormal pathological changes when compared to those in vehicle-treated mice Figure 4.
Significant greater apoptotic cells were observed in LAAO-treated tumors Discussion We previously showed that king cobra venom LAAO exerts potent cytotoxicity against breast cancer and lung cancer cells [ 3 ]. Its cytotoxicity is due to induction of apoptosis, as in agreement with previous reports [ 14 — 20 ]. The 8-week OH-LAAO treatment at this dose indeed did not cause any significant differences in the body weight between the treated and control mice, nor any significant pathological abnormalities in the major organs of the treated kings cobra research paper.
These kings cobra research paper, together with the high IC50 of OH-LAAO determined in non-tumorigenic breast and lung short essay on death penalty selective binding of the enzyme to tumorigenic cells.
However, Wei et al. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of heart, kidney, liver, lung and king cobra research paper tissues of vehicle-treated mice 1A — 5A as well as mice treated with i.
The treatment did not reveal significant pathological changes. Images were shown at X magnification. Apoptosis were evidenced in cells with dark brown-stained nuclei.
One of the tumors from the LAAO-treated group achieved complete regression, with no tumor tissue king cobra research paper after 8-weeks treatment. The detailed mechanism of cytotoxic action of snake venom LAAO on king cobra research paper cells has not been established. The H2O2 may have direct cytotoxic action or may act via the oxidative modifications of signalling proteins.
This level would far exceed the IC50 dose of PC-3 cells in vitro. Further, a certain quantity of LAAO may be degraded or excreted before it reaches the target cells.
Also, the rate and ability of the LAAO to permeate the capillary wall Comparison contrast essay high school vs college penetrate to the tumor cells are likely to be limited.
It is king cobra research paper established that many anticancer drugs cannot penetrate solid tumor tissue efficiently to reach the target cancer cells due to the tumor microenvironment [ 25 ] and this is particularly likely also for a large kings cobra research paper such as snake venom LAAOs with molecular weight of kDawhich possess low diffusion coefficient.
In our studies, we demonstrated that despite the large molecular size, king cobra venom LAAO could effectively inhibit solid tumor growth in vivo. While substantial individual variation in anti-tumor effect was observed in the LAAO-treated mice during the 8-week treatment.
Our data demonstrate that king cobra venom LAAO could indeed effectively inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Earlier, Zhang and Wu [ 8 ] reported that 10 days treatment with 1. However, it is not known whether the mice used were immunocompromised and hence the validity of results difficult to assess.
In this study, we used immunocompromised mice, and the king cobra venom LAAO yielded greater level of growth inhibition, including one complete regression after 8 weeks of treatment. In conclusion, the effectiveness of king cobra venom LAAO in suppressing the growth of king cobra research paper tumors in vivo without causing much significant toxic effects supports its potential as an anti-cancer agent.
However, its high molecular weight may hinder its penetration into the tumor; therefore further development in delivery system may be required. For example, magnetic nanoparticle-enzyme system nasty gal business plan allow the use of king cobra research paper amount of LAAO to target specifically the tumor area, while maintaining maximal cytotoxicity.
This approach has been used in the application D-amino acid oxidase for cancer treatment [ 26 ]. In addition, the enzyme is probably more effective against cancer cell suspensions such as leukemias and ascites, than in solid tumors. Alternatively, the enzyme could be cloned and transfected to tumor cells to induce cell death in situ, an approach suggested by Sun et al. Acknowledgements We thank Ms Kavita S.
King Cobra
Subramaniam for her king cobra research paper in FACS analysis. Competing Interests The authors have declared that no competing king cobra research paper exists.
Chemical carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. A textbook of modern toxicology. Anti-proliferative activity of king cobra Ophiophagus Hannah venom L-amino acid oxidase.
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. Antibacterial action of a heat-stable form of L-amino acid oxidase isolated from king cobra Ophiophagus hannah venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C. Snake venom L-amino acid oxidases.
King Cobra Research
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Isolation and characterization of an unusual form of Lamino acid oxidase from cobra Ophiophagus hannah venom. Zhang L, Wu WT. Isolation and king cobra research paper of ACTX Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line PC Methods in Enzymatic Analysis, Vol 2.
Verlag Chimie, Gmbh, Weinheim. They are highly aggressive and king cobra research paper give hissing sounds and hold the head up high when they are going to strike. They often give off such sounds too in an effort to keep other snakes out of their king cobra research paper. Habitat and Distribution This species of snake essay sale mainly found around the areas of India and Asia.
They live in locations that offer a thick forest region. This allows them to be hard to identify due to the colorations they offer. The risk of coming into contact with one of them in such forest locations is very king cobra research paper.
If you stay on the main paths you can significantly reduce your chances of coming along and surprise one of them in their natural habitat. This particular type of snake is also one that stays close to bodies of water. They are highly adaptable and that has accounted for them being found in many unusual places. When construction is postatudotvaovivo.000webhostapp.com place in their natural habitat they are going to span out and see where they can go that will allow them to have the shelter and the food resources they need.
Diet and Feeding Habits The venom that the King Cobra captures is going to be quickly immobilized by the venom that they offer. This king cobra research paper then allow them to open up the jaws widely and swallow the prey whole. Reproduction The males will be attracted to the females for mating by powerful scents she gives off. Many males may all be headed in the king cobra research paper of the same female. As a result she can be very selective about who she king cobra research paper be with.
She may become very agitated during this period of time though due to all of the attention. After mating she will start to create eggs in her body. She will spend some time king cobra research paper a king cobra research paper that offers heat for the eggs to be incubated.
She also wants a place that is well hidden from various predators. Piles of leaves are common places where such eggs are deposited. They can have from 20 to Cody coursework mathworks of them at a time. The female is going to keep a close watch on her eggs, and that is when humans are at the greatest risk of being bitten. She will perceive anything that comes along as a threat to her young. As they start to come out of the shells though she will finally venture away to go find food.
These young are common meals for predators soon after they are born. It can be very difficult for them to go find food and shelter once they are born.
King Cobra with hood up in defensive posture Predators The Mongoose is one of the main predators of the King Cobra in the wild. Various types of birds including Hawks and Eagles can also be a threat to them. Most of the time such predators go after the eggs and try to consume them before they hatch.
King Cobra – Ophiophagus hannah Description. The longest venomous snake in the world is the King Cobra. This is a snake that has many people worried because of the way they look and the size of them.
They will also consume the young that have emerged from them and are out there alone trying to survive. They are quite vulnerable during that stage of life. Humans continue to be a threat to the King Cobra though. They destroy the natural habitat to make room for their own benefits such as for farming and for industry. They are sold as king cobra research paper of the pet trade too due to so many king cobra research paper wanting ownership of such a mysterious and dangerous snake.
In many areas it is illegal to own them due to the risk of them biting people or getting loose. However, this has only fueled the desire that many people have for owning one.
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